Smart Drugs and Down’s Syndrome: Part 1
Return to the Cognitive Enhancement Research Institute
Home Page. or
Down’s Page.
From the February 14th, 1994 issue of
Smart Drug News.
[v2n10]. Copyright (c) 1994, 1996.
All rights reserved.
Smart Drugs and Down’s Syndrome: Part 1
Smart Drugs andby Steven Wm. Fowkes and Ward Dean, M.D.
If you listen to scientists who specialize in academic research into Down’s syndrome, or to the Down’s Syndrome Association, there is basically nothing a parent can do to prevent the profound mental deficits and impaired growth of a Down’s child. But if you listen to Dixie Lawrence, a devoted adoptive mother of one Down’s child, or to Dr. Jack Warner, a California pediatrician with a ten-year history of treating Down’s children, there is plenty that parents can do. In fact, this small group of motivated parents and dedicated practitioners has succeeded in doing what the authorities have decreed to be impossible — the normalization of Down’s children’s growth rates and mental abilities. Down’s children treated with this new smart-nutrient and/or smart-drug treatment program are now being mainstreamed into public schools on a routine basis. Their growth rates are equivalent to those of normal children, and the IQs of those children started on the program early in life are comparable to normal children. One 5-year old Down’s girl even has a documented IQ of 140!
The pioneering work on a treatment program for Down’s syndrome was begun over fifty years ago by the late Henry Turkel, M.D. Dr. Turkel’s treatments, which he called his “U series” medications, consisted of a combination of nutrients and drugs formulated to compensate for some of the metabolic errors which result from the extra 21st chromosome (called trisomy 21) which causes Down’s syndrome. Turkel’s U-series contained vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, digestive enzymes, lipotropic nutrients, an amino acid, and numerous drugs (thyroid hormone, antihistamines, nasal decongestants, and a diuretic). The FDA stopped the interstate distribution of Turkel’s U-series medications and refused to issue a New Drug Application for them. Nevertheless, U-series medications were determined to be legal for distribution within the state of Michigan, where over 5,000 patients were treated with some success.
Dr. Turkel’s treatment has now been refined by California pediatrician Jack Warner, M.D. Dr. Warner and his wife Charlene run The Warner House, a center for the study of trisomy disorders, in Fullerton, California. Dr. Warner’s approach is to combine a nutritional/metabolic therapy with physical therapy and developmental optometry. He says, “Warner House is probably the only place that has such a comprehensive approach to treating Down’s syndrome. We have a developmental optometrist, and absolutely the world’s best physical therapist. She sits on the floor and works with these children for almost an hour, and we video tape the session so the parents can take the tape home with them.”
Dr. Warner’s program not only significantly counteracts some of the cognitive deficits associated with Down’s syndrome, but it prevents and reverses some of the physical and developmental abnormalities characteristic of the condition. Most of the Down’s syndrome children being treated with the program are developing near-normal to above-average intelligence, without the chronic illnesses typical of Down’s syndrome. Many are competing successfully in public schools, and some of the children fortunate enough to be placed on the program early in life do not have the pronounced physical features typical of untreated Down’s children.
Dixie Lawrence is the Director of Adoption Options of Louisiana, an organization that places Down’s and other children for adoption. She is also the adopted mother of Madison, a Down’s child now 4 years old. After seeing a relative’s Down’s boy being successfully treated by Dr. Turkel’s method, Dixie investigated the Turkel and Warner programs and gathered a group of 30 Louisiana families together to bring Dr. Warner’s team to Baton Rouge. She has since developed an independent protocol combining elements of both programs with both amino acids and smart drugs. Dixie’s daughter and several of the other family’s children have gone on Dixie’s modified program with spectacular results. A couple of Down’s infants have even been treated in utero. In one case, the delivering obstetrician refused to believe that the infant was a Down’s syndrome baby until presented with a chromosome analysis.
In the 1950s, Dr. Turkel’s U-series treatments were met with skepticism and/or hostility by governmental bureaucrats and mainstream researchers who adhered to the then-dominant view that nutrition is at best a trivial influence in such a basic genetic disorder. For every published study that indicates that nutrition can have a positive influence in Down’s syndrome, there is at least one that concludes that nutrition is of no benefit. Despite authoritative opinion, parents of Down’s children were willing to give Turkel’s program a try. Although parents regarded the treatments as successful, they complained about the difficulties in complying with the program and some of the side effects of the drugs employed.
Dr. Warner’s improved program is more convenient than Dr. Turkel’s U-series medications. Dr. Warner avoids the regular use of drugs, and, unlike Dr. Turkel, he does not automatically prescribe thyroid supplements to all Down’s children. Instead, he does a thyroid workup which identifies the majority of Down’s children who do need thyroid support, and the specific amount they need.
The basic dietary supplement in Dr. Warner’s program are called “Hap Caps.” They do not contain any drugs or thyroid. The prescription of thyroid or other drugs is left to the determination of the attending physician with due consideration for the specific medical needs of each patient.
Hap Caps are formulated to counteract specific metabolic disturbances seen in Down’s syndrome. Chief among them are disturbances in the antioxidant enzymes catalase (abnormally low levels) and superoxide dismutase (abnormally high levels) [Groner, et al., 1985; Shah, et al., 1989; Lejeune, et al., 1992]. This disturbance responds positively to the high dosages of dietary antioxidants, like vitamins E, A and C, and the minerals zinc, copper, manganese and selenium.
Another metabolic disturbance is the diminished production of digestive enzymes [Abalan, et al., 1990], which is directly counteracted by the addition of supplemental enzymes to the Hap-Cap formula.
A third disturbance is amino acid regulation. Disturbances in the regulation of cysteine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamate, GABA, histidine, tryptophan and cystathionine have been reported [Hyanek, et al., 1970; Airaksinen, 1974; Petre-Quadens and De Lee, 1975; Shaposhnikov, 1979; Pueschel, et al., 1980; Reynolds and Warner, 1988; Lejune, et al., 1992]. Some of these disturbances can be counteracted by supplemental amino acids, like tyrosine and tryptophan. Unfortunately for the Down’s children, the FDA has banned the tryptophan that they need. For the last several years, they have had to do without. Other amino acid disturbances can be dealt with by supplemental vitamins, like B-6 and B-12. Disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism have also been reported [Turkel, 1981; Raiti, et al., 1974].
Neuroendocrine disturbances are also a feature of Down’s syndrome. The frequency of thyroid abnormalities in Down’s children is very high compared to normal children [Napolitano, et al., 1990]. In addition, growth abnormalities have been traced to a deficiency of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) type 1 [Anneren, et al., 1986, 1990]. Both IGF-1 and IGF-2 are stimulated by the action of human growth hormone (hGH), but in Down’s children, IGF-1 does not rise in infancy. A major amount of research is now being directed towards the use of hGH in treating Down’s syndrome children, with some success [Torrado, et al., 1991]. hGH increases IGF-1 levels and growth rates in Down’s syndrome children, but it also increases IGF-2 levels. The use of hGH in the treatment of Down’s syndrome is still highly controversial.
Dr. Warner’s program also emphasizes physical therapy and developmental optometry. It is the combination of metabolic support, thyroid support, and physical and optometric vision therapies that allows Down’s children to overcome their developmental learning disabilities and to compete with normal children in sports, school and social interactions. Many of the children on the Warner program have been successfully integrated into public schools, and a number of them have gone on to participate in such sports as baseball and skiing.
Many of these treated Down’s children are not easily recognized as such, even by professionals. Three years ago, Dr. Warner’s group set up their first presentation booth at the National Perinatal Association meeting. They had photos of four of their Down’s children on display. “We had people coming up to us and saying, ‘Why didn’t you put up pictures of Down’s syndrome children?’” says Ardith Meyer, physical therapist for the Warner team. “They didn’t look like Down’s children,” she adds. The physical changes in appearance reflect the underlying improvements in the children’s metabolism and development.
Dr. Warner has now treated more than 700 Down’s children with his program. He regularly refers his Down’s patients for physical therapy and developmental optometry.
Ardith Meyer and Dr. Stephen Meyer are a husband-and-wife team that have been providing physical therapy for Down’s children and counseling for their parents. Their center, A Child’s Life, is located in Diamond Bar, California. Steve Meyer is a clinical psychologist. He counsels the parents about behavior problems with the children and assists with physical therapy evaluations. Ardith Meyer does the physical therapy and provides the parents with a physical-therapy program for use at home.
Steve Meyer states, “Dr. Warner’s nutritional program has revolutionized my attitude towards Down’s syndrome children. Prior to my experiences at the clinic, I had thought that the retardation was a direct factor of the genetic defect. Now I realize that the retardation is a product of an error in metabolism. When we correct this metabolic problem, their mental potential moves into the normal range. We have seen many children move into the above-average range. These children have potential!”
Ardith Meyer thinks that one of the biggest problems is that many professionals and parents do not see any potential in Down’s infants and children. “If parents and therapists don’t see that the child has potential, they’ll never try anything,” states Ardith Meyer. “People lock Down’s syndrome children into a &@145;mentally-retarded’ label and fail to realize their strengths, their weaknesses, or their interests. Down’s children are like everybody else, they gravitate towards what they enjoy, and if you can make the program interesting and fun, they’ll do it.” The entire team agrees that Down’s syndrome is more properly considered a learning disability than retardation. Ardith Meyer says, “Most of the world does not understand that yet.”
Without intervention, Down’s children have “moderate” to “major” developmental impairment with IQs in the 55 range. With intervention, many move into the “normal” range [85 to 115]. Some remain in the “mild” developmentally impaired range. The effectiveness of the program depends on the age at which treatment begins. “It’s clearly, the earlier, the better,” states Steve Meyer. “I want to see them at eight days of age,” states Ardith Meyer. “I can start showing the parents what to do that will prevent the waddling gait and difficulty in running when they are in their teens.” In the 7 years that she has been working with Down’s children on the Warner program, she has yet to see a single child that has not benefited when started in the first few years of life. A few of the older children with autistic tendencies and severe behavioral problems are the only ones that have not benefited from the program.
“When I first started with Dr. Warner, I was reluctant to talk about the program with the other pediatricians with whom I worked,” Ardith Meyer says. “I thought, I’m going to wait and see how this is. Now that I’ve seen so many children go through the program, I’m proud to talk about it.”
Dr. Phil Klingsheim is a behavioral and developmental optometrist who treats the vision problems of Down’s children. He says, “Optometric vision therapy can be a great aid to Down’s syndrome individuals in assisting them to reach their full potential academically.” Vision therapy involves clinical tests and training procedures that correct neurosensory, neuromotor, and neurophysiological visual dysfunctions. Dr. Klingsheim is impressed with the Warner program. He states, “I have observed that Down’s syndrome children who have been on the Warner House clinic metabolic program respond better to optometric vision therapy than those not on the program. They seem to be more alert and mentally available to benefit in vision therapy situations.”
Although government and academic researchers expect all therapies to be proven in double-blind studies, this would require that half of the children receive a placebo instead of the treatment formula. The withholding of treatment from the placebo group would be ethically untenable for Dr. Warner’s team, who are now completely convinced that the program is beneficial. “Most parents would refuse to take their children off the program,” adds Steve Meyer.
Under such situations, researchers resort to the A-B-A-B research model, in which the therapy is purposefully discontinued for an interval, and then restarted. By chance, this has happened for a few children on the Warner program. “The child comes to us in condition A, and goes on the program for phase B,” explains Steve Meyer, “then, for some reason (through a family crisis or economic issue), the child temporarily goes off the program. We know which parents are being faithful to the intervention and which ones aren’t based on the number of vitamins they order. When the children go off the intervention, we definitely see a decline in their growth, alertness, attentiveness and general health.” And when they go back on the Warner program, their growth and learning is restored.
“These serendipitous cases fulfill what is called an N-of-one research model, the A-B-A-B pattern, which is a very useful model commonly used in behavior modification research,” asserts Steve Meyer. “Fortunately for the children, most of the parents come to us with a positive expectancy and, after they experience the initial improvement in the child, they comply with the program. When they aren’t faithful, there’s usually some environmental circumstance that has hindered them, like a divorce or unemployment. In one family, the husband was very reliable with the morning medication and the wife was lax with the afternoon. That’s probably the hardest situation to deal with because of the division within the family.”
Ardith Meyer describes one A-B-A-B case of a mother who ran out of Hap Caps. And because she couldn’t get to the store, she started giving her Down’s son regular milk instead of non-dairy products. When she finally brought him in, he was lethargic and sick. “She told me that she didn’t think the program was working. I had to say, ‘Wait a minute. You have to keep him on the program. Look what has happened when you took him off of it.’ She put him back on the program and he got healthy and alert again.”
Dixie Lawrence has also experienced a few A-B-A-B instances with her daughter Madison. One of the most graphic was when she ran out of piracetam. Right after Madison first went on piracetam (with phosphatidylcholine and vitamin B-5), she spontaneously potty-trained herself, started speaking in phrases, and developed an active symbolic immagination. Months later, when Dixie ran out of piracetam for a week, within days of ceasing piracetam, Madison broke her potty training and lost her immagination and much of her verbal fluency. Fortunately, when piracetam administration was restored, she regained everything.
After hearing about Madison’s achievements, several other families in Louisiana put their Down’s children on piracetam, B-5 and phosphatidylcholine with very positive results. Dr. Warner is interested in Dixie’s results with amino acids and piracetam and is looking into incorporating both into his program. He states, “One of the wonderful things that Dixie has come up with is the extra amino acids and proteins. There’s a Dr. Lejeune in Paris that has been working with this [Lejeune J, 1991; Lejeune, et al., 1992], although I don’t think that what he is doing is a complete answer. I think all of these approaches have to be put together, maybe including the use of Nootropil [piracetam]. I know that Dr. Schmid has been using piracetam in Germany for years, but I didn’t know that it was available [by prescription] in the United States until recently.”
At A Child’s Life, the children are invited to come to the clinic with their entire family. The physical therapy session is videotaped so the parents can refer to it at home if they have trouble remembering new exercises. Ardith Meyer says, “It’s my job to help the parents understand what specific needs the children have and give them very specific things to do.” A lot of the parents are eager to learn what they can do to help their child develop, and the video tape makes it easy.
The contribution that family relationships make to the growth and development of Down’s children is crucial. One Canadian family with a young own’s boy and three older siblings came to a Seattle clinic held by Dr. Warner’s team. Ardith Meyer uses what she calls “motor-planning cards,” which have instructions to get into a specific body position. She relates, “I got down on the floor and into the positions with the boy, and the whole family joined us on the floor and did the motions with us. It was so spontaneous, like this is just what we do for recreation. The family support was awesome, and the boy was picking it up so quickly.”
“In another family, the mother brought her Down’s syndrome daughter in to us at 8 days and every two months since then. The girl is fortunate to have four older brothers who love her dearly and who excel at motivating her to do the exercises. She couldn’t have a better situation.” She adds, “The mother just called me to determine whether it was worth the trouble to drive in to the center through the earthquake-damaged freeway system here in Los Angeles, and one of the brothers told the mother to come in because the daughter ‘had changed and needed a new program.’”
According to Ardith Meyer, the parents desperately want support from medical professionals. “If their doctor doesn’t believe that their child can change, they will go find someone who will, even if the advice they get is not appropriate.” For decades, Down’s children were seen as mentally retarded, not as learning disabled. Because of this attitude among professionals, parents left the mainstream to find someone who would try to help them. “When some parents come to me and talk about some other treatment regime, I usually know what they are going to say because the other programs haven’t changed since the 50s.”
“But these children do have potential, and I am thrilled to work with them. I show them what to do. It’s not me, it’s them. I’m just somebody who’s paying attention to them. I have learned a great deal about what their needs are over the years, and I’ve also learned why they need to have a physical therapist working with them. With the Down’s child, their needs change. Early on, between birth and three years, their postural muscles, muscle tone and motor skills need a lot of attention. Later, a lot of Down’s children are hindered by their lack of verbal skills.” “You can even see it in the toddlers before they walk,” says Ardith Meyer. “They understand everything you are saying but they cannot verbally respond to you.” Because of these communication difficulties, Down’s children tend to get pegged lower in school. According to Ardith Meyer, one of the hardest thing for Down’s children to learn are perceptual-motor activities, like handwriting, spelling and reading words.
At A Child’s Life, Ardith and Steve Meyer try to incorporate strengthening and coordination exercises into play. “You can’t ask a 9-month-old infant to crawl across the room towards nothing, they won’t be motivated,” argues Ardith Meyer. “You can’t ask a ten-year-old to do push-ups. If you want children to do something, you have to incorporate it into a play activity.” For example, she has the children load stuff into a wagon and pull it up a hill.
Ardith reports that the treated Down’s children are just as willing to go out and play at recess as normal children. “The teachers will write to us and say that the treated Down’s children are more motivated,” states Ardith Meyer. Many teachers have asked the parents, “What are you doing differently?” The teachers report that the treated children are really paying attention in class, they are very interested in climbing on the gym at recess, and they are interacting with their peers. “One mom said that the teacher could tell when she ran out of the Hap Caps,” says Ardith Meyer. “The child went right back to being lethargic and uninterested.” She adds, “If the teachers go to the trouble to report these observations, you know the Hap Caps are making a major difference.”
Abalan F, et al. A study of digestive absorption in four cases of Down’s syndrome. Med Hypotheses (UK) 31(1): 35-38, 1990.
Airaksinen E M. Tryptophan treatment of infants with Down’s syndrome. Ann Clin Res 6(1): 33-9, Feb 1974.
Anneren G, Sara V R, Hall K and Tuvemo T. Growth and somatomedin responses to growth hormone in Down’s syndrome. Arch Dis Child 61(1): 48-52, Jan 1986.
Anneren G, Gustavson K H, Sara V R and Tuvemo T. Growth retardation in Down syndrome in relation to insulin-like growth factors and growth hormone. Am J Med Genet 7(Suppl): 59-62, 1990. (30 Refs.)
Anneren G, Gustafsson J, Sara V R and Tuvemo T. Normalized growth velocity in children with Down’s syndrome during growth hormone therapy. J Intellect Disabil Res (England) 37(pt.4): 381-7, Aug 1993.
Antila E, Nordberg U R, Syvaoja EL and Westermarck T. Selenium therapy in Down syndrome (DS): a theory and a clinical trial. Adv Exp Med Biol 264: 183-6, 1990.
Aspillaga M J, et al. Dimethyl sulfoxide therapy in severe retardation in monogoloid children. Ann N Y Acad Sci 243: 421-31, 27 Jan 1975.
Bennett F C, et al. Vitamin and mineral supplementation in Down’s syndrome. Pediatrics 72(5), 707-13, Nov 1983.
Bidder R T, et al. The effects of multivitamins and minerals on children with Down syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol 31(4): 532-7, Aug 1989.
Cantor D S, et al. A report on phosphatidylcholine therapy in a Down syndrome child. Psychol Rep 58(1): 207-17, Feb 1986.
Cartlidge PHT and Curnock DA. Specific malabsorption of vitamin B12 in Down’s syndrome. Arch Dis Child (England) 61(5): 514-15, 1986.
Castells S, Torrado C, Bastian W and Wisniewski K E. Growth hormone deficiency in Down’s syndrome children. J Intellect Disabil Res 36(pt.1): 29-43, Feb 1992.
Chiricolo M, et al. Enhanced DNA repair in lymphocytes of Down syndrome patients: The influence of zinc nutritional supplementation. Mutat Res Dnaging Genet Instab Aging (Netherlands) 295(3): 105-11, 1993.
Coburn S P, Mahuren J D and Schaltenbrand W E. Increased activity of pyridoxal kinase in tongue in Down’s syndrome. J Ment Defic Res (UK) 35(6): 543-47, 1991.
Coleman M. Infantile spasms associated with 5-hydroxytryptophan administration in patients with Down’s syndrome. Neurology 21(9): 911-9, Sep 1971.
Coleman M, et al. A double blind study of vitamin B6 in Down’s syndrome infants. Part 1<197>Clinical and biochemical results. J Ment Defic Res 29(Pt 3): 233-40, Sep 1985.
Colombo M L, et al. Ascorbic acid in children with Down’s syndrome. Minerva Pediatr (Italy) 41(4): 189-92, 1989.
Editorial: Tryptophan and serotonin in Down syndrome. Lancet 2(7896): 1554, 28 Dec 1974.
Frager J, Barnet A, Weiss I and Coleman M. A double blind study of vitamin B6 in Down’s syndrome infants. Part 2. Cortical auditory evoked potentials. J Ment Defic Res (England) 29(3): 241-46, 1985.
Groner Y, et al. Molecular structure and expression of the gene locus on chromosome 21 encoding the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and its relevance to Down syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 450: 133-56, 1985.
Harrell R F, et al. Can nutritional supplements help mentally retarded children? An exploratory study. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 78(1): p574-8, Jan 1981.
Hestnes A, Borud O, Lunde H and Gjessing L. Cystathioninuria in Down’s syndrome. J Ment Defic Res 33(Pt 3): 261-5, Jun 1989.
Hestnes A, et al. Hormonal and biochemical disturbances in Down’s syndrome. J Ment Defic Res (UK) 35(3): 179-93, 1991.
Hyanek J, et al. Cystin-lysinurie u Downova syndromu [Cystinuria and lysinuria in Down’s syndrome]. Cas Lek Cesk 109(46): 1088-92, Nov 1970.
Justice P M, et al. Micronutrients status of children with Down syndrome: A comparative study of the effect of megadoses of vitamins with minerals or placebo. Nutr Res (USA) 8(11): 1251-58, 1988.
Kleijnen J and Knipschild P. Niacin and vitamin B6 in mental functioning: A review of controlled trials in humans. Biol Psychiatry (USA) 29(9): 931-41, 1991.
LaPerchia P. Behavioral disorders, learning disabilities and megavitamin therapy. Adolescence Fall 22(87): 729-38, 1987.
Lejeune J. Pathogenie de la debilite de l’intelligence dans la trisomie 21 [Pathogenesis of mental impairment in trisomy 21]. Ann Genet 34(2): 55-64, 1991. (89 Refs.)
Lejeune J., et al. Aminoacids and 21-trisomy [Acides amines et trisomie 21. Ann Genet (France) 35(1): 8-13, 1992.
Lockitch G et al. Infection and immunity in Down syndrome: a trial of long-term low oral doses of zinc. J Pediatr 114(5): 781-7, May 1989. Comment in: J Pediatr 116(3): 487-8, Mar 1990.
Menolascino F J, et al. Vitamin supplements and purported learning enhancement in mentally retarded children. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 35(3): 181-92, Jun 1989.
Napolitano G, et al. Growth delay in Down syndrome and zinc sulphate supplementation. Am J Med Genet 7(Suppl): 63-5, 1990.
Napolitano G, et al. Is zinc deficiency a cause of subclinical hypothyroidism in Down syndrome. Ann Genet (France) 33(1): 9-15, 1990.
Nehring W M. Down Syndrome article contained ’erroneous’ information [letter]. Pediatr Nurs (United States) 19(1): 85-6, 100-2, Jan-Feb 1993. See also: Pediatr Nurs (United States) 19(3): 257, May-Jun 1993.
Neve J, et al. Selenium and glutathione peroxidase in plasma and erythrocytes of Down’s syndrome (trisomy 21) patients. J Ment Defic Res (England) 28(4): 261-68, 1984.
Palmer S. Influence of vitamin A nutriture on the immune response: findings in children with Down’s syndrome. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 48(2): 188-216, 1978.
Petre-Quadens O and De Lee C. 5-Hydroxytryptophan and sleep in Down’s syndrome. J Neurol Sci 26(3): 443-53, Nov 1975.
Pruess J B, Fewell R R and Bennett F C. Vitamin therapy and children with Down syndrome: a review of research. Except Child 55(4): 336-41, Jan 1989.
Pueschel S M, Reed R B, Cronk C E and Goldstein B I. 5-hydroxytryptophan and pyridoxine. Their effects in young children with Down’s syndrome. Am J Dis Child 134(9): 838-44, Sep 1980.
Pueschel S M, et al. Vitamin A gastrointestinal absorption in persons with Down’s syndrome. J Ment Defic Res (UK) 34(3): 269-75, 1990.
Pueschel S M. Growth hormone response after administration of L-dopa, clonidine, and growth hormone releasing hormone in children with Down syndrome. Res Dev Disabil (United States) 14(4): 291-8, Jul-Aug 1993.
Raiti S, Lifschitz F, Trias E and Sigman B. Down’s syndrome. Study of carbohydrate metabolism. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 76(3): 506-12, Jul 1974.
Reading C M. Down’s syndrome: nutritional intervention. Nutr Health 3(1-2): 91-111, 1984.
Reynolds G P and Warner C E. Amino acid neurotransmitter deficits in adult Down’s syndrome brain tissue. Neurosci Lett 94(1-2): 224-7, 22 Nov 1988.
Shah S N, Johnson R C and Singh V N. Antioxidant vitamin (A and E) status of Down’s syndrome subjects. Nutr Res (USA) 9(7): 709-15, 1989.
Shaposhnikov A M, Khal’chitskii S E and Shvarts E I. Narushenie obmena fenilalanina i tirozina pri bolezni Dauna [Disorders of phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism in Down’s syndrome]. Vopr Med Khim 25(1): 15-9, Jan-Feb 1979.
Smith G F, et al. Failure of vitamin mineral supplementation in Down’s syndrome [letter]. Lancet 2(8340): 41, 2 Jul 1983.
Smith G F, et al. Use of megadoses of vitamins with minerals in Down syndrome. J Pediatr 105(2): 228-34, Aug 1984.
Storm W. Hypercarotenaemia in children with Down’s syndrome. J Ment Defic Res (UK) 34(3): 283-86, 1990.
Torrado C, Bastian W, Wisniewski K E and Castells S. Treatment of children with Down syndrome and growth retardation with recombinant human growth hormone. J Pediatr 119(3): 478-83, Sept 1991. See also comments: Allen DB. J Pediatr 120(2 Pt 1): 332-3, Feb 1992; Binder ND. J Pediatr 120(5): 832-3, May 1992; Underwood LE. J Pediatr 120(5): 833 (discussion 833-4), May 1992.
Turkel H, Nusbaum I and Baker S. Intellectual improvement of a retarded patient treated with the ’U’ series. J Orthomol Psychiatry (Canada) 13(4): 272-76, 1984.
Turkel H and Nusbaum I. A case of Down syndrome with Tourette syndrome. J Orthomol Med (Canada) 4(1): 27-32, 1989.
Turkel H. Medical amelioration of Down’s syndrome incorporating the orthomolecular approach. J Orthomolecular Psychiat (Canada) 4(2): 102-15, 1975.
Turkel H. Treatment of a mucopolysaccharide type of storage disease with the ’U’ series. J Orthomolecular Psychiatry (Canada) 10(4): 239-48, 1981.
Vampirelli P. Clinical experimentation of pyracetam in an infantile neuropsychiatry service [Il piracetam in neuropsichiatria infantile. Sperimentazione clinica in un servizio di neuropsichiatria infantile.] Minerva Pediatr (Italy) 30(4): 373-76, 1978.
Vitamin/mineral supplementation for Down syndrome [letter]. Lancet 2(8361): 1255, 26 Nov 1983.
Weathers C. Effects of nutritional supplementation on IQ and certain other variables associated with Down syndrome. Am J Ment Defic 88(2): 214-7, Sep 1983.
Weise P, Koch R, Shaw K N and Rosenfeld M J. The use of 5-HTP in the treatment of Down’s syndrome. Pediatrics 54(2): 165-8, Aug 1974.
Westermarck T, et al. Selenium supplementation and trace element alterations in Down’s syndrome. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis (Germany) 7(2): 125-26, 1993.
White D. IQ changes in mongoloid children during post-maturation treatment. Am J Ment Defic 73(5): 809-13, Mar 1969.
Williams C A, Quinn H, Wright E C, et al. Xylose absorption in Down’s syndrome. J Ment Defic Res (England) 29(2): 173-77, 1985.
More references will be provided in Part 2.
